THE MISTAKEN PRONUNCIATIONS: THE UNAVAILABILITY OF SOME ENGLISH CONSONANTS IN BAHASA

This paper aims at showing the problems with reference to pronunciation of English sentences spoken by Indonesians. The unavailability of some English consonants in Bahasa could lead the Indonesians into mistaken pronunciations. To obtain the data of how well the English pronunciations uttered by the Indonesians, a speaking test was held. The respondents for this test are fifteen Indonesians with different ages and social backgrounds. The results show that the English consonants which are absent in Bahasa caused some puzzlement for the speakers which made them had a tendency to pronounce the words by using the nearest sound from the Bahasa phonemes towards the English phonemes. Fine comprehension by reading English dictionary frequently together with adequate proper listening and speaking practises are needed by the non native speakers in order to achieve better ability related to English pronunciation.


Introduction
Every language has its own uniqueness. Even in just one country, chiefly in a broad one, there are more than one language with various dialects or even accents. Sometimes, it is an interesting question about how many languages are there all over the world? Based on the recent research, there are approximately 7.000 languages being spoken by almost seven billions speakers all over the world. Asia and Africa are the primary homes of linguistic diversity.
Papua New Guinea becomes the country with the most languages all over the world; 839 alive languages. It is almost threefold in the amount of European languages being combined. Meanwhile, Indonesia is in the second position with about 700 alive languages and Nigeria sits at the third position with about 520 languages. This is all due to the diversity of ethnicity and cultures.
On the other hand, English (as one of the most important and vernacular languages) has 56 languages; 13 among them are genuine languages and the rest are immigrant languages thus make English becomes the the 171 st rank of 235 countries in the Ethnologue language diversity index (Republika Online: 2016). Some languages have vocabularies derived from the others which enrich their structures and the terminology as well. English, as one of the most well-known international languages, does it too.
If someone speaks English, the speaker is able to convey the same thought in different various words. This phenomenon is possible because English has adopted a lot of new words from different languages for centuries. The same with Bahasa Indonesia, the national official language being used by the Indonesians, which owns a lot of absorbed words. The Dutch and Portuguese are the examples of languages influence the development of modern Bahasa, due to the colonialism.
However, both English and Bahasa have different systematic structures in the way of phonetic and phonemic. There are some phonemes in English are unavailable in Bahasa and on the other hand, Bahasa has some way of words structures which are quite different with the English. This means that the more differences in sounds between the two languages, the more errors of interference will occur (Al-Zayed, 2017: 1). The aim of this writing is showing numbers of English phonemes, especially the consonants, which are unavailable in Bahasa and the way of some Indonesians in pronouncing them.

The Terminologies of English Words
As being stated previously, a plenty of the English words have derived from diverse languages. They are, for instance, the words man, breed, eat, shire, woman, work, house from the Anglo-Saxon (also known as Old English); school, pope, candle, minister, verse, mass from Latin; sky, call, dirt, Whitby, leg, take from Old Norse (typically Scandinavian); sovereign, govern, braise, mutton, court, advise, veal from French; physics, architecture, compute, educate, radius, history from Latin and Greek; and telephone, tea, tattoo, futon, video, sauna from the worldwide (broad diversity of other languages which have no existing in English name) (Hornby, 1995: D8).
As we can see from the examples, the words which came from Latin towards English nowadays are chiefly connected with religious conviction or belief and education. As well for the words describing the government or culinary are mostly dominated by the French words. Meanwhile, globalisation does bring good impacts by the adoption of new entry of words in English. Except from the previous examples, we can notice that the English words "sushi" and "gamelan" are originally Japanese and Indonesian.

The Concept of Sounds in English
Related to the speaking context, Ladefoged and Johnson (2010: 88) utter that the system of sounds in English can be classified into three vital divisions; vowels, diphthongs and consonants.

a. Vowels
Vowels play crucial and essential role in the formation of word, together with diphthongs and consonants. Vowels could be varied in the range of upper vowels and lower vowels. In this term, it could be comprehended that vowel could be produced by moving the tongue and the lips. Basically, vowels could also be defined as sounds being produced from the flow of air through the throat and mouth with no barrier or obstacle.
There are fourteen vowels consisted of five long vowels and nine short vowels. The long vowels are [ɑː] in harp /hɑːp/, [iː] in bee /biː/, [uː] [ɒ] in pot /pɒt/, [u] in actually /aektʃuəli/ and [ə] in alive /əlaɪv/. Marsono (1999: 29) mentions that the English vowels could be classified into some aspects. One of them is from the position of the tongue. By seeing the position of the tongue when producing the vowel, it can be divided into: a. High vowels: [i, u] b. Middle vowels: [e, ɛ, ə, o, ɔ] c. Low vowels: [a, ɑ] More to the point, Jones (1958) in Marsono (1999: 32) states that based on the shape of lips when pronouncing the vowels, vowels could be differentiated into: a.

Retroflex is a sound produced when
there is a friction between the tip of the tongue and the rear part of alveolar bend, as in 'raw' and 'red' ([r]). 6. Palatoalveolar is a sound produced when there is a friction between the tongue and the rear part of alveolar bend, as in 'shade' and 'shaft' ([ʃ]). 7. Palatal is a sound produced when there is a friction between the front part of the tongue and hard palate, as 'yellow' and 'young' ([j]). 8. Velar is a sound produced when there is a friction between the rear part of the tongue and soft palate, as in 'hand' and 'how' ([h]). Generally, the system of sounds in English is different from the one in Bahasa. There are some English vowels and consonants which are unavailable in Bahasa. In addition, in the English consonants domain, there are clusters as well.
Clusters are a number of consonants which form a word which can be able to read just within one breath. For example, 'str' and 'pr' in the words 'strategy', 'programme', 'instrument' and 'procedure'.

Unavailability of English Consonants in Bahasa
From the explanation above, as the purpose of the writing, we can see that Bahasa has almost all the consonants in English, except three consonants. Both the consonants [θ] and [ð] are apical -dental friction consonants. These consonants occur when the active articulator is the tip of the tongue and the passive articulators are the upper teeth (Marsono, 1999: 83). We can find these consonants in the initial, middle and final positions for particular words in English.
The consonant [ʒ] is apicalprepalatal friction consonant. This consonant occurs when the active articulator is the tip of the tongue and the passive articulator is rear gum or the front hard palate (prepalatal) (Marsono, 1999: 88). We can find this consonant in the middle but not for the initial position. For the final position, it is especially for the adopted words from French such as rouge (O' Connor, 1970: 47 in Marsono, 1999 Ireland. e. My mother always wears little rouge before going to a party. Since this speaking test is focused predominantly in how the respondents pronouncing the English consonants which are unavailable in Bahasa (the bolded words), the error in pronouncing the other words are noted as well.
There is a distinct possibility of mistaken pronunciation done by the respondents for this speaking test. To avoid the mispronunciation form, it is needed a kind of guidance for the transcription process. The followings are the correct pronunciation of those sentences based on the guidance of Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

The Respondents
There are fifteen respondents for this speaking test. These fifteen respondents are picked to obtain more various results to make the speaking test more reliable. The followings are their initials, their age and together with their professions: 1. NBR (15 years old) -A student.

The Implementation
The test was held within the intervals of 9 until 14 February 2019 in different places in Singaraja, Bali, Indonesia; at school, at the campus and city park. As mentioned previously, all of the respondents were asked to read the five sentences clearly and their voices were recorded to be transformed into transcription subsequently.

The Examination
Based on the result of the test and brief interview with the respondents, there are some reasons for them in pronouncing the sentences erroneously as follows: 1. The mistaken pronunciation is the result of the interference of their mother tongue. From the brief interview held, most of the respondents' mother tongues are the same, Bahasa. Only some of them speak Balinese language as their mother tongues.  [ʒ] but also the entire sentences as whole units. They admitted that speaking English is a basic ability they need to master for this globalisation era; hence they think they need to practise more.

Conclusion
English, as one of the international languages, has complexity in terms of vowels and consonants. Dealing with the unavailable consonants in Bahasa, the Indonesian speakers must recognize the characteristics of 'special' consonants in English and study them thoroughly and carefully. Practising English more in daily life and improving their knowledge about vocabulary by reading English dictionary would also help the Indonesian speakers to be acquainted with better pronunciation in English.